Machine Learning Approaches for Subcluster in IoT Sensor Networks with Hierarchical Clustering and Dendrograms
Abstract
This research focuses on optimizing IoT Sensor Networks (ISNs) by implementing hierarchical clustering algorithms. Traditional clustering methods often lead to imbalanced energy consumption, impacting network lifetime and performance. Our approach leverages hierarchical clustering to partition the network into a set of clusters. Each cluster has a cluster head and a set of sensor nodes. To enhance data aggregation and energy efficiency, we introduce subclustering within clusters using dendrograms. We assessed performance metrics using simulation, including energy consumption and scalability. The proposed hierarchical clustering methodology significantly improves network lifetime, energy efficiency, and data aggregation.
Downloads
References
P. K. Mishra and S. K. Verma, A survey on clustering in wireless sensor network, Proceedings of the 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Kharagpur, pp. 1-7, 2020.
A. S. Rostami, M. Badkoobe, F. Mohanna, H. Keshavarz, A. A. R. Hosseinabadi, and A. K. Sangaiah, Survey on clustering in heterogeneous and homogeneous wireless sensor networks, The Journal of Supercomputing, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 277–323, 2018.
S. Arjunan and S. Pothula, A survey on unequal clustering protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks, Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 304–317, 2019.
H. El Alami and A. Najid, ECH: An Enhanced Clustering Hierarchy Approach to Maximize Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 107142–107153, 2019.
Y. Wang, I. G. Guardiola, and X. Wu, RSSI and LQI Data Clustering Techniques to Determine the Number of Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 380526, 2014.
M. Raju and K. P. Lochanambal, An Insight on Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks, Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 66–85, 2022.
S. Lata and H. K. Verma, Selection of Number and Locations of Multi-Sensor Nodes Inside Greenhouse, Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 933–948, 2022.
D. Adhikary and D. K. Mallick, Energy-aware on-demand fuzzy-unequal clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 1200-1219, 2019.
S. Vijayan and N. Munusamy, Deterministic Centroid Localization for Improving Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks, Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 24–39, 2022.
D. Wohwe Sambo, B. O. Yenke, A. Förster, and P. Dayang, Optimized Clustering Algorithms for Large Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review, Sensors, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 322, 2019.
I. Daanoune, B. Abdennaceur, and A. Ballouk, A comprehensive survey on LEACH-based clustering routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 114, pp. 102409, 2021.
B. Jan, H. Farman, H. Javed, B. Montrucchio, M. Khan, and S. Ali, Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2017, pp. 1–14, 2017.
R. Dogra, S. Rani, B. Sharma, S. Verma, D. Anand, and P. Chatterjee, A novel dynamic clustering approach for energy hole mitigation in Internet of Things‐based wireless sensor network, International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 34, No. 9, pp. e4806, 2021.
A. Shahraki, A. Taherkordi, O. Haugen, and F. Eliassen, Clustering objectives in wireless sensor networks: A survey and research direction analysis, Computer Networks, Vol. 180, pp. 107376, 2020.
A. M. Jubair et al., Optimization of Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: Techniques and Protocols, Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 23, pp. 11448, 2021.
A. A. Baradaran and K. Navi, HQCA-WSN: High-quality clustering algorithm and optimal cluster head selection using fuzzy logic in wireless sensor networks, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 389, pp. 114–144, 2020.
A. Rezaeipanah, P. Amiri, H. Nazari, M. Mojarad, and H. Parvin, An Energy-Aware Hybrid Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Re-clustering-Based Multi-hop Routing, Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 120, No. 4, pp. 3293–3314, 2021.
A. Ghosal, S. Halder, and S. K. Das, Distributed on-demand clustering algorithm for lifetime optimization in wireless sensor networks, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Vol. 141, pp. 129–142, 2020.
T. Taleb and M. Kaddour, Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Schemes for Energy-Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks, Transport and Telecommunication Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 128–138, 2017.
M. Zeng, X. Huang, B. Zheng, and X. Fan, A Heterogeneous Energy Wireless Sensor Network Clustering Protocol, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2019, pp. 1–11, 2019.
W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, Vol. 1, pp. 10, 2000.
S. Lindsey and C. S. Raghavendra, PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems, Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Vol. 3, pp. 3-1125-3–1130, 2002.
O. Younis and S. Fahmy, HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 366–379, 2004.
S. Arjunan, S. Pothula, and D. Ponnurangam, F5N‐based unequal clustering protocol (F5NUCP) for wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 31, No. 17, pp. e3811, 2018.
N. Bashir, Z. H. Abbas, and G. Abbas, On Demand Cluster Head Formation with Inherent Hierarchical Clustering and Reliable Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks, Adhoc & Sensor Wireless Networks, Vol. 45, 2019.
S. M. M. H. Daneshvar, P. A. A. Mohajer, and S. M. Mazinani, Energy-Efficient Routing in WSN: A Centralized Cluster-Based Approach via Grey Wolf Optimizer, IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 170019–170031, 2019.
A. K. Sharma and K. Verma, Layered Energy Balanced Unequal Clustering and Routing (LEBUCR) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, Adhoc & Sensor Wireless Networks, Vol. 46, 2020.
OMNET++ Simulation Environment, http://www.omnetpp.org.
M. Johnson et al., A comparative review of wireless sensor network mote technologies, Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Sensors, Christchurch, pp. 1439-1442, 2009.
R. P. Narayanan, T. V. Sarath, and V. V. Vineeth, Survey on Motes Used in Wireless Sensor Networks: Performance & Parametric Analysis, Wireless Sensor Network, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 51–60, 2016.
W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 660–670, 2002.
Copyright (c) 2025 EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright to this article is transferred to Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya(PENS) if and when the article is accepted for publication. The undersigned hereby transfers any and all rights in and to the paper including without limitation all copyrights to PENS. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment. The copyright transfer form can be downloaded here .
The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors. This agreement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions
- Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the Work.
- Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the work or derivative works for the author’s personal use or company use, provided that the source and the copyright notice of Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya (PENS) publisher are indicated.
- Authors are allowed to use and reuse their articles under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as third parties.
- Third-parties are allowed to share and adapt the publication work for all non-commercial purposes and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute under the same license as the original.
Plagiarism Check
To avoid plagiarism activities, the manuscript will be checked twice by the Editorial Board of the EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology (EMITTER Journal) using iThenticate Plagiarism Checker and the CrossCheck plagiarism screening service. The similarity score of a manuscript has should be less than 25%. The manuscript that plagiarizes another author’s work or author's own will be rejected by EMITTER Journal.
Authors are expected to comply with EMITTER Journal's plagiarism rules by downloading and signing the plagiarism declaration form here and resubmitting the form, along with the copyright transfer form via online submission.
